arXiv:2607.21792v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: One-to-many facial identification is commonly used to match a probe image from surveillance video against a gallery of driver's licenses and/or booking photos. The algorithm's rank-one image from the gallery, or a human examiner's selection from the algorithm's top-ranked images, may then be placed in a photo lineup shown to a witness. Witness selection of the gallery image in the photo lineup may then lead directly to the person in the gallery image being arrested. This facial identification process is involved in at least 9 wrongful arrests. This work specifically examines whether the probability of a witness making an incorrect identification increases with the size of the gallery searched. We compare photo lineup accuracy when the "suspect" image is drawn from galleries of 500, 5,000, and 24,000 images. We find that larger galleries increase both the likelihood of a witness making an incorrect identification and their confidence in th...